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 »  Home  »  Science  »  Nikola Tesla's schooling in Croatia and his professor of physics Martin Sekulic
 »  Home  »  History  »  Nikola Tesla's schooling in Croatia and his professor of physics Martin Sekulic
 »  Home  »  Education  »  Nikola Tesla's schooling in Croatia and his professor of physics Martin Sekulic
Nikola Tesla's schooling in Croatia and his professor of physics Martin Sekulic
By Prof.Dr. Darko Zubrinic | Published  01/18/2020 | Science , History , Education | Unrated
Nikola Tesla in Zagreb in 1892, his acquaintances, predictions of Internet and mobile phones

Passport issued to Nikola Tesla in Croatia's capital Zagreb in 1883

In 1883, the presidency of the royal Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian land government in Zagreb, issued Tesla's passport to the regional office in Gospić "for abroad - France, Russia and Germany, for three years"; see [Petešić, p. 47].

Putovnica na ime Nikole Tesle
The name of Tesla appears as Nikolaus (near the bottom of the photo).
In the middle there is the Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia.
Putovnica na ime Nikole Tesle
As we can see, the passport was issued in Zagreb in 1883,
when Nikola Tesla was at the age of 27.

The library of the Gymnasium in the city of Karlovac possesses documents on issuing Tesla's documents in the time when he was already in the USA. More precisely, Tesla's uncle, the Gospić archpriest Petar Mandić, submitted a request to the Royal Land Governement (of the Three-Une Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia), to the Department of Religios matters and Education, in order to "issue a matriculation form for Nikola Tesla to me". The uncle wrote that Tesla "has left for New York in America, in order to be trained in telephone profession, and for this he needs his matriculation form for studies completed here." The request was resolved in the positive on July 1st, 1885 (no. 4576). See [Petešić, p. 54].

Nikola Tesla 1884. g., u dobi od 28 godina
Nikola Tesla in 1884, at the age of 28

Ćiril Petešić considers it to be unclear how was it possible that Tesla could travel without any passport from Budapest to France and Germany in 1882. Also, it is not known how Tesla obtained permission to travel to the USA in 1884, since this destination was not predicted in his passport issued in Zagreb in 1883. See [Petešić, p. 47].


Humanism in the time of Tesla's schooling in Rakovac

At the Higher Real School attended by Nikola Tesla, there was the Socity for Supporting Poor Students (Družtvo za podporu siromašnih učenika), founded already in 1860.

Društvo za podporu siromašnih učenika
From these lines we can see that in the Imperial and Royal Higher School in Rakovac there was a successful
Society for Support for Poor Students, founded already in 1860 (p. 60).
Source: Statistics for the Schooling in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and in Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier in the school year 1871-72 (Statistika nastave u kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji i hrvatsko-slavonskoj Vojnoj krajini školske godine 1871-72.), Zagreb 1873.
Ivan Meštrović, distinguished Croatian sculptor, wrote the following about Tesla's idealism:
His ideal and all of his efforts were directed towards the advancement of Mankind. After that, he turned to mysticism and recounted to me, that he was since his youth praying to God before going to sleep, kneeling on bare knees. When I asked him, which prayers does he pray, he answered to me:

- Those, that I prayed since my childhood. But, yes, I prayed so until my fifties. Since then, I pray differently, but the essence is the same, and I pray to God every day.

Ivan Meštrović: Uspomene na političke ljude i dogadjaje (Reminiscences of Political People and Events), Buenos Aires, 1961., Knjižnica Hrvatske revije. (pp. 191-193)

Since 1895, Nikola Tesla seems to have been under the spiritual influence of Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) from India.


Lecture of Nikola Tesla in the City Hall in Zagreb in 1892

How does the interior of the City Hall on the Upper Town in Zagreb look like, where Nikola Tesla delivered his invited lecture? Croatian Coats of Arms can be seen on the walls and on the ceiling:

Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.
The City Hall in Croatia's capital Zagreb (photo from 2016 - Intersteno)
Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.
Croatian Coats of Arms in the City Hall in Zagreb, as in the time of the visit of Nikola Tesla
to the capital of his homeland in 1892.
Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.

Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.
An article describing Tesla's lecture in the City Hall in Zagreb, in the time of mayor Milan Amruš, published in "Narodne novine" (Peoples News) on May 25th, 1892. It is not excluded that Tesla's teacher Martin Sekulić was also among the listeners.
Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.

An article about the lecture by Nikola Tesla delivered in the Zagreb City Hall in 1892.

Electrical Experimenter, travanj 1919.
Initial part of an article describing Tesla's visit to Zagreb.
Many thanks to the National and University Library in Zagreb for Narodne novine (People's News) of May 25th, 1892, where this little known and very important article was published.
Tesla s knjigom Ruđera Boškovića
Nikola Tesla arround 1893, at the age 37.
Photo by Napoleon Sarony, distinguished American portrait photographer.

Nikola Tesla electric lighting in Zagreb

A famous electrical engineering expert, our compatriot Nikola Tesla, who at the invitation of the mayor dr. Amruš arrived to the city of Zagreb, in order to support the city officials in matters dealing with introducing electrical lighting, expounded his views in presence of the city mayor and vicemayor, city councellers Mallin and Hudowski, and the city surveyor Lenuci, dealing with essential questions of the enterprise. Mr. Tesla, a man at the age of about 35, tall, slim as a fir of his homeland, of black hair and eyes, who on his broad forhead bears a mark of a genius, had a longer exposĂŠ, from which we draw the following more important information.

...

He will, on the other hand, examine the offers which will arrive to the city authorities, and will provide his opinion about them, so that any possible misuse could be prevented. And in general, he considers his duty to help the administration of the city in any respect with his advice and action, as a native son of this land, and asks the city to contact him in any occasion in which technical difficulties might arrive, and he will provide his advice without any recompensation, the best he could. -

With this, he ended his interesting analysis. The city mayor, Dr. Amruš, expressed the hartiest gratitude for his efforts and for his promise, wishing him the best success in his future work, which was flattering in front of the world not only for him, but also for his homeland. In the discussion that followed, Mr. Tesla mentioned that now he works on the realization of the hypothesis, which he thinks is realisable and of profound importance, namely the wireless transfer of electic current by means of the natural electricity of the Earth. We wish success to our compatriot from the bottom of our heart in his endevours. ...

Munjara Ozalj
Nikola Tesla: As a native son of my homeland, I consider it my duty
to help the city of Zagreb with advice and action in every respect.

Words pronounced in the City Hall, on May 24th, 1892,
when he suggested the City Council building an AC power plant.
Setting this plaque, created by academic sculptor Grga Antunac, has been incited by professor Vladimir Muljević.

Electric plant (Munjara) of the city of Karlovac in 1908 in Ozalj

munjara = electric plant (derived from munja - lightning)

In 1908, a hydroplant, i.e., munjara, was built on the basis of the alternating current technology of Nikola Tesla. The building was designed by Hermann Bolle (1845-1925), better known as the designer of the Zagreb Cathedral, the Mirogoj Cemetery, etc. The first hydroplant in Croatia was built in the city of Šibenik already in 1895, as one of the oldest such electric plants in the world.

Munjara Ozalj
Electric plant (Munjara) of the city of Karlovac, built in 1908 in the town of Ozalj. The building was completed in 1907.
Source of the photo: Tourist Associatina Ozalj.
Munjara Ozalj
Above the main entrance of the Munjara (electric plant) of the City of Karlovac, one can see also theCroatian Coat of Arms
(as a part of the Coat of Arms of Karlovac).

The city of Gospić had its first electric plant in 1925 (see HEP). Tesla's birthplace, the village of Smiljan, obtained AC current as late as 1956, i.e., 100 years after his birth.

The city of Zagreb built its first Munjara (electric plant) in 1907, in the region Trešnjevka, very near Panorama Hotel (on the south of it). The street where Munjara was built is even today called Munjarski put (Electric plant lane).

On August 26th, 1895, the first hydroelectric plant was launched on the Niagara Falls. Only two days later, the first Croatian hydroelectric AC plant plant was launched on the Krka Falls (Krka National Park in Croatia), which on August 28th, 1895 lighted the city of Šibenik. After that, the AC current was introduced in the cities of Rijeka (1890), Čakovec (1893), Zadar (1894), Varaždin (1895), Dubrovnik (1901), Pula (1904), Pakrac and Sisak (1905), and Zagreb (1907). The source of these data is the monograph Stoljeće svjetla u Zagrebu, 1907 - 2007 (Century of Light in Zagreb, 1907 - 2007), published by Hrvatska elektroprivreda (Croatian Electric Power Industry; Đurđa Sušec, ed.).



Personal acquaintances of Nikola Tesla

Some of the personal friends of Nikola Tesla (there are no known joint photos with Tesla, except for Fritzie Zivic, Croatian-American boxer):

  • Milka Trnina (or Ternina, 1863-1941), soprano singer, the greatest Croatian opera singer in history, born in the region of Moslavina near Croatia's capital Zagreb; because of her, Tesla booked a loggia in Metropolitan Opera in New York, where Ternina had as many as 79 appearances; she sang at one of his birthday parties;
  • Ivan Meštrović (1883-1962), distinguished Croatian sculptor;
  • Zlatko Baloković (1895-1965), distinguished Croatian violinist, played at Tesla's funeral in 1943;
  • Marijan Matijević (1878-1951, financially supported Tesla in the 1920s), in his time the strongest man in the world. His help to Tesla is mentioned by George Juraj Prpić in his monograph Croatians in America (there is a Croatian translation - Hrvati u Americi), of the Lika descent, born in Banat, university professor in the USA (John Carrol University, Department of History, Cleveland);
  • Ivan (John) Benković (1886-1918), was born in the village of Rečica near the city of Karlovac, and studied painting at the Academy of Arts in Zagreb. He arrived to the USA in 1912, working as commercial artist in New York, under the pseudnim Bankow. He made a live portrait of Nikola Tesla in 1913 (one of only two Tesla's live portraits). With his recommendation letter, Tesla helped him to get employment in respectable Catholic journal entitled Extension Magazine, as well as in Hrvatski Svijet (Croatian World). He died prematurely out of the Spanish flew. See [Vladimir Novak, Croatians in America, p. 73]. The mentioned Tesla's portrait, drawn by Ivan Benković, is kept in the Museum of N. Tesla in Belgrade, while Tesla's recommendation letter is in the City Museum in Samobor near Zagreb.
  • Fritzie Zivic (1913.-1984.), American boxer of Croatian roots, welterweight world champion in 1940 and 1941. His father Živčić was born in the Croatian town of Bosiljevo.
Distinguished Croatian artists Milka Ternina, Zlatko Baloković, and Ivan Meštrović, are mentioned as Tesla's friends in the book by Ćiril Petešić (1923.-2012.): [Petešić, p. 70].
Milka Trnina
Milka Trnina (Ternina, 1863.-1941.), the title of the exhibition in London, 2006.;
source of the photo Museum of the City of Zagreb
Zlatko Baloković
Ivan Meštrović (1883-1962), distinguished Croatian sculptor
Zlatko Baloković
Zlatko Baloković (1895-1965), distinguished Croatian violinist
Marijan Matijević
Marijan Matijević (1878-1951), a famous wrestler from the region of Lika near Croatian coast
Marijan Matijević
Ivan Benković (1886.-1918.), Croatian painter in the USA, who Nikola Tesla helped to find his employment.
Source [Vladimir Novak, Croatians in America, p. 73]. Benković and Tesla attended the secondary school in the same building in the city of Karlovac.
Marijan Matijević
Portrait of Nikola Tesla drawn by Ivan Benković in January 1913 (oil on canvas, laquered).
Our gratitude goes to Mrs. Milica Kesler of the Museum Nikola Tesla in Belgrade, for having sent us the photo.
Dimensions of the portrait are 76 x 63 cm (by the courtesy of Mrs. Jasenka Ferber Bogdan, HAZU).
Recommendation letter by Nikola Tesla for Ivan Benković
Recommendation letter for Ivan Benković written by Nikola Tesla in 1913, kept in the Museum of the City of Samobor.
Many thanks to the Samobor Museum for having sent us the photo.
Here is the content of Tesla's recommendation letter written for Ivan Benković, kept in the Samobor Museum (Benkovićev's wife Marija Anger was born in Samobor):
TESLA LABORATORY
LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 202 Metropolitan Tower
January 16, 1913

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

This will introduce Mr. John Benkovich,
a painter of excellent academic training who has already achieved
distinction in his profession. I take pleasure in recommending
him to any employer who is desirous of securing the services of
a skillful designer or draftsman, feeling certain that he will
acquit himself of the most difficult duties in his entire satis-
faction.

Nikola Tesla

Fritzi Zivic
Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower 1904, Long Island, New York. Source: Tesla Collection.
Height 57 m, diameter of the cupola 17 m.
July 4, 1917 - The Fall of Nikola Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower
Fritzi Zivic
Fritzie Zivic, world champion in welter category, 1940 and 1941, on the title page of The Ring.
Nikola Tesla s Fritzie Zivicem
Nikola Tesla in 1941, with American boxer Fritzie Zivic (The Croat Comet) and with his brothers: Joe Zivic, Fritzie Zivic, Nikola Tesla, Jack Zivic, Pete Zivic, and Eddie Zivic. Source: photo archive of Pittsuburgh Post-Gazette.
There are at least two more persons at the table, noticable in the window behind Tesla. The last person could be Charles F. Scott (1864-1944), Tesla's assistent.
Tesla i Fritzie Zivich
This is the only known photo where Tesla smiles! This has been noticed by Mr. Mario Filipi, many thanks to him.
This very nice and amusing photo has been shot in 1941, just two years before Tesla's death.
Tesla i Fritzie Zivich
Nikola Tesla in good spirits with three of the Zivic brothers: Eddie, Pete and Fritzie. Source.

Pior to 1880, Tesla got acquainted with great Czech comsposers Smetana and Dvoržak, that he was later meeting in Metropolitan Opera in New York; see [Petešić, p. 40].

Bust of Nikola Tesla within the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (of the University of Zagreb) and in the Technical Museum in Zagreb was carved in 1930s by Emil Bohutinsky, Croatian sculptor born in Križevci near Zagreb.

Ferdinand Kovačević (Smiljan 1838-Zagreb 1913), patented duplex connection for telephone transmission. Kovačević was born in the village of Smiljan, as well as Tesla.

Franjo Hanaman
Franjo Hanaman and his bulb with wolfram filament.
He patented it with Alexander Just from Austria.
Franjo Hanaman as a young scientist, born in the village of Drinovci near Županja, Croatia.

Prior to the First World War, Nikola Tesla was visited by a young Croatian chemist and metalurgist Franjo Hanaman (1878-1941), professor of High Technical School in Zagreb (see [Njegovan, p. 64]). Hanaman, in cooperation with Aleksander Just, constructed the well known electric bulb with wolfram filament, and it was patented in 1903. During Hanaman's sojourn in the USA in 1910, this patent was bought from him by General Electric Co. Bilions of them were produced during the 20th century and until today. In this way, Hanaman and Just abolished Edison's bulb with the carbon filament (introduced in 1881), similarly as Tesla abolished Edison's DC (direct current) system by introducing his AC (alternating current) system in the 1890s. Franjo Hanaman started to work at the High Technical School in Zagreb, founded in 1919, and since 1924 he served as the rector of this institution. He has a great merit that in 1926 it became the Technical Faculty within the University of Zagreb. See Josip Moser: Franjo Hanaman i njegovo djelo [PDF].

According to Josip Moser (president of the Electrotechnical Society Zagreb), a prestigios Austrian society called Elektrotechnischer Verein, among its 181 founding members in 1886 in Vienna, as amny as 40 of them were from Croatia. We mention for example

  • Ferdianand Kovačević (inventor of the duplex connection; born in the village Smiljan, as Tesla)
  • Martin Sekulić (Tesla's professor of Physics)
  • Nikola Tesla
  • Vinko Dvoržak (bron in Bohemia, earned his PhD under the guidance of Ernst Mach at the Charles University in Prague; founder of the study of Physics at the University of Zagreb, Croatia)
  • Oton Kučera (popularizer of science as well as of Tesla's AC technology; born in Petrinja near Zagreb).


Fiorello LaGuardia, Nikola Tesla and Croatian language

Tesla's Eulogy given by Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia in 1943, New York.

Fiorello LaGuardia was American consular agent in the city of Rijeka. According to personal information by Mr. Vladimir Novak, he liked to sing Croatian songs, and when he arrived to the USA, he was employed at the Ellis Island in New York, where he accepted immigrants from Croatian lands. See [Vladimir Novak, Croatians in America, p. 71]. He was the most successful mayor of New York in history (from 1934 to 1945). A New York airport is named LaGuardia Airport after him.
LaGuardia Airport, NY.
La Guardia Airport in New York
The city of Rijeka has a street named after Fiorello LaGuardia. On the Ellis Island in front of New York, there is the Ellis Island Immigration Museum. From the description of Fiorello H. LaGuardia (1882-1947) exhibited there, it is clear that he was fluent in Croatian language (see [Vladimir Novak, Croatians in America, p. 71].):
Fiorello H. LaGuardia, who would later become one of America's foremost public servants, was an interpreter on Ellis Island from 1907 to 1910. Certified to speak three languages - Italian, German, and Croatian, LaGuardia received an annual salary of $1,200.
He was also fluent in Yiddish (source: Fiorello La Guardia: Ultimate American, and in particular this photo):
La Guardia utilized his knowledge of several languages, reportedly including Hebrew: Croatian, German, Italian, and Yiddish.
Fiorello LaGuardia in c. 1910.
Fiorello LaGuardia on the Ellis Island as an interpreter for Italian, German, and Croatian languages,
where he accepted immigrants to the USA. The photo is from about 1910. Source: Fiorello La Guardia: Ultimate American.
Fiorello LaGuardia himself wrote the following lines (source: Fiorello La Guardia: Ultimate American, especially this photo):
Mr. Chester did me a good turn by sending me to Croatia one summer for four months for the express purpose of studying Croatian.
Croatian was tough, with its seven cases, all of them used, and its many conjugations of verbs.
While I never pretended to be expert in this language, I did learn enough of it to pass a Civil Service examination later, which enabled me to get the job as interpreter at Ellis Island that helped me work my way through law school.

LaGuardia's grandfather Abraham Isaac Coen was born in 1833 in the city of Split, as a member of the Jewish community in this city, which has existed there for centuries. See [Vladimir Novak, Croatians in America, p. 71].

Tesla's predictions of Internet and mobile phone

LaGuardia Airport, NY.
Electrical Experimenter no. 6, 1919, in which Tesla announces the advent of Internet and mobile phones.
LaGuardia Airport, NY.
Tesla's short description of mobile phone.

Nikola Tesla in his autobiography My Inventions, published by Electrica Experimenter in 1919, in the fifth part of his series (entitled The Magnifying Transmitter), for the first time announces to the broad public his prediction of the advent of mobile phones, and even of the Internet:

This invention was one of a number comprised in my "World-System" of wireless transmission which I undertook to commercialize on my return to New York in 1900. As to the immediate purposes of my enterprise, they were clearly outlined in a technical statement of that period from which I quote:

"The 'World-System' has resulted from a combination of several original discoveries made by the inventor in the course of long continued research and experimentation. It makes possible not only the instantaneous and precise wireless transmission of any kind of signals, messages or characters, to all parts of the world, but also the inter-connection of the existing telegraph, telephone, and other signal stations without any change in their present equipment. By its means, for instance, a telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to any other subscriber on the Globe. An inexpensive receiver, not bigger than a watch, will enable him to listen anywhere, on land or sea, to a speech delivered or music played in some other place, however distant. These examples are cited merely to give an idea of the possibilities of this great scientific advance, which annihilates distance and makes that perfect natural conductor, the Earth, available for all the innumerable purposes which human ingenuity has found for a line-wire. One far-reaching result of this is that any device capable of being operated thru one or more wires (at a distance obviously restricted) can likewise be actuated, without artificial conductors and with the same facility and accuracy, at distances to which there are no limits other than those imposed by the physical dimensions of the Globe. Thus, not only will entirely new fields for commercial exploitation be opened up by this ideal method of transmission but the old ones vastly extended. ...

Colliers journal of January 30th, 1926, published an interview of John B. Kennedy with Nikola Tesla, under the title When woman is a boss, in which Tesla predicts very explicitly the advent of what we call today Internet and mobile phones.

When wireless is perfectly applied the whole earth will be converted into a huge brain, which in fact it is, all things being particles of a real and rhythmic whole. We shall be able to communicate with one another instantly, irrespective of distance. Not only this, but through television and telephony we shall see and hear one another as perfectly as though we were face to face, despite intervening distances of thousands of miles; and the instruments through which we shall be able to do his will be amazingly simple compared with our present telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest pocket.

We shall be able to witness and hear events - the inauguration of a President, the playing of a world series game, the havoc of an earthquake or the terror of a battle - just as though we were present.

Let us not forget that Tesla announces his visionary prediction in the period of the deaf film, which lasts until the end of 1920s!


Acknowledgements: Gymnasium in Karlovac (in particular to Sanda Furjanić and Antun Milinković), Croatian School Museum in Zagreb, Vladimir Muljević, Vatroslav Lopašić, Nikola Piasevoli, Zvonko Benčić, Željko Hanjš, Marijan Ožanić, Željko Krnjak, Dina Šimunić, Milica Kesler, Jasenka Ferber Bogdan.


Nenad Bach in Room 3327 of Hotel New Yorker, where Nikola Tesla spent the last period of his life, 1934-1943.


Literature

  • Nikola Tesla: My Inventions (on the left page, on the left of the photo of induction motor, there is a description of his ingenious profesor of Physics from Karlovac (Martin Sekulić)
  • Vladimir Muljević: Martin Sekulić (1833-1905), Elektrotehnika br. 5, 1973, pp. 331-338.
  • Ćiril Petešić: Genij s našeg kamenjara / Život i djelo Nikole Tesle (2. izdanje), Školske novine, Zagreb, 1977. (the booklet had 7 editions, and the first one was printed in 10.000 copies; information by the courtesy of professor Ante Bežen)
  • Leo Randić (ed.): Pola stoljeća od boravka nobelovca Maxa Plancka u Zagrebu (Half a century since a stay of Max Planck in Zagreb), Priroda 3-4-5 (1992.), pp. 8-9 (the article contains a contribution by Dušan Pejnović from 1942: Predavanje Maxa Plancka u Zagrebu 15. rujna 1942. (A lecture by Max Planck in Zagreb, delivered in 1942), from the daily press of NDH preserved by Tihomir Šurina)
  • Rudolf Strohal: Grad Karlovac opisan i orisan (The city of Karlovac described and Painted), Karlovac 1906. (Strohal was a director of Gymnasium in Karlovac, in the same building where there used to be situated the Higher Real School attended by Nikola Tesla during his secondary schooling from 1870-1873.)
  • Antun Cuvaj: Građa za povijest školstva kraljevina Hrvatske i Slavonije od najstarijih vremena do danas VI., Zagreb, 1911., rakovačka Velika realka je opisana na str. 212-218.
  • Natalija Jadrić i Tanja Mihaljević: Nikola Tesla - školovanje u Karlovcu [PPT]
  • Darko Žubrinić:
    • Školovanje Nikole Tesle u Hrvatskoj i njegov profesor Martin Sekulić [PDF] (sažetak), u Povijest i filozofija tehnike / radovi EDZ sekcije 2017. godine / Benčić, Zvonko ; Moser, Josip (ur.). Zagreb : Kiklos, 2017. Str. 81-117.
    • Nastava hrvatskog jezika, matematike i fizike tijekom školovanja Nikole Tesle u Hrvatskoj [PDF], u Povijest i filozofija tehnike / radovi EDZ sekcije 2018 godine / Benčić, Zvonko (ur.). Zagreb : Kiklos, 2018. Str. 293-317
    • Nikola Tesla 1856.-1943., istaknuti hrvatsko-američki znanstvenik
  • Ivica Vuković i Anđa Valent: Autori matematičkih rasprava u izvješćima rakovačke realke [PDF], PRIRODOSLOVLJE 16(1-2) III (2016), str. 89-110 (osobito str. 104-110)
  • Kraljevska viša realna škola u Rakovcu; vidi također FOND
  • Vladimir Paar: Fizičar Nikola Tesla, 1. dio, 2. dio, 3. dio
  • Vladimir Novak: Croatians in America, Zagreb - Croatia, 2018, ISBN 978-953-7616-06-09
  • Dušan Pejnović: O školovanju Nikole Tesle u Rakovcu (izvornik [JPG]), Matematičko-fizički list, Zagreb, br. 3, 1956-57, str. 112
    Dušan Pejnović (1883-1958) was Croatian physicist, author of about 160 papers (information by Dr. Branko Hanžek) and a collaborator of Croatian Encyclopedia.



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