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(E) Balkan Justice - Letter to the Editor by John Kraljic
To the Editor of The Washington Times I was very happy to read Bolton's statements in Jeff Kuhner's commentary. However, I think Bolton is punting the issue by simply saying that there is no accountability. The question is why is there no accountability? It's because the US has failed to taken any actions to make it so. This is an argument we have made to the State Department for several years. They seem to finally be "getting it," but their not quite there yet. Below is a letter to the editor I sent in concerning the commentary.
John Kraljic
To the Editor of The Washington Times
One must applaud John Bolton's criticism of the lack of "democratic accountability" of the International Criminal Tribunal for War Crimes for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and its current prosecutor, Carla Del Ponte. One has to ask, though, why Mr. Bolton and the State Department have not taken any actions to reign in the ICTY.
Both the ICTY and the Prosecutor are ultimately responsible to the UN Security Council. The United States has failed to use its membership status in the Council to put in place any meaningful oversight of the activities of the ICTY and the Prosecutor.
The critical issue today is not whether prosecutions will be turned over the national courts in former Yugoslavia - that has been the stated policy goal for several years. The question is what the State Department will do concerning the continued work of the ICTY and the Prosecutor with respect to its current docket of cases, especially with respect to the politically motivated indictment brought against Croatian General Ante Gotovina.
Very truly yours,
John Peter Kraljic
http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20041023-105636-4172r.htm
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(E) Middle Ages cemetery discovered in Croatia
Middle Ages cemetery discovered in Croatia Zagreb - A 14th century cemetery was discovered in downtown Zagreb, Croatia, near the city's cathedral during roadworks, the daily Jutarnji list reported on Friday.
Workers were surprised to found human bones only 50 centimetres below ground. Archaeologist Zeljko Zemo confirmed the date of the find saying it was due to erosion of soil down through the centuries.
Zemo said the site was the location of an old church in the 14th century and a small cemetery. Roadworks have been suspended temporarily allowing archaeologists to examine the site, he said. - Sapa-dpa
http://iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=qw109844766111B263
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(E) Naval Exercise Adriatic Phiblex 04 Croatia - US
Croatia - US Naval Exercise Adriatic Phiblex 04  A Croatian gunboat and a navy helicopter take part in an exercise simulating the rescue of a passenger ship from terrorists in the Adriatic Sea near the Island of Zirje October 13, 2004. The rescue was staged as part of a ten-days joint naval excercise Adriatic Phiblex 04, involving Croatia, the United States, Macedonia and Albania. REUTERS/Matko Biljak Reuters - Oct 13 9:18 AM

Members of the Croatian Naval marine expeditionary unit leave a military helicopter during a hostage rescue exercise of a passenger ship at the Adriatic near Island of Zirje, October 13, 2004. The rescue was staged as part of a ten-days joint naval exercise Adriatic Phiblex 04, involving Croatia, the United States, Macedonia and Albania. REUTERS/Matko Biljak
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(H) Fulbright u Hrvatskoj - rok 5 Studeni 2005
Fulbright u Hrvatskoj - rok 5 Studeni 2005
Dragi Nenade Ako znas nekog tko se bavi informatikom na fakultetu kod vas u SAD, a rado bi dosao u Hrvatsku na Fulbright molim te da mu proslijedis ovo pismo i da nas spojis. Ja inace radim na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Rijeci i predajem informaticke kolegije za ekonomiste.
Puno pozdrava Marina marinacs@efri.hr
Subject: Iskaz interesa za prihvat stipendista iz SAD-a (program FULBRIGHT)
Poštovani,
Pokrovitelji Fulbrightovog programa u Hrvatskoj, Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa i Veleposlanstvo Sjedinjenih Americkih Država pozivaju vas na iskaz interesa za prihvat americkih profesora/istraživaca koji ce u Hrvatskoj boraviti u akademskoj godini 2006-07.
Ukoliko je vaša ustanova zainteresirana za primitak americkog profesora ili istraživaca molimo Vas da ispunite obrazac "Zahtjev za dodjeljivanje stipendista Fulbrightovog programa" (http://www.cies.org/fulbrightagency.htm) - "U.S. Scholar Awards Catalog Forms 2006-07” i onda "New Award Form").
Temeljem iskaza interesa bit ce izraden natjecaj programa Fulbright za državljane SAD-a. Predlažemo da potaknete nekog od vaših kolega u Sjedinjenim Americkim Državama koji ima profil strucnjaka kakvoga tražite da se javi na natjecaj za Fulbrightov program koji ce biti raspisan u SAD-u u razdoblju od 1. ožujka do 1. kolovoza 2005.
Zahtjevi ce predstavljati formalno prihvacanje obveze da vaša ustanova primi i pruži akademsku podršku americkim stipendistima. Prihvatna ustanova nema financijskih obveza prema stipendistima.
Rok za slanje ispunjenih obrazaca (elektronski i jedan primjerak poštom) je 5. studenoga 2004. na jednu od sljedecih adresa:
Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Americko veleposlanstvo
Marija Crnic Aleksandra Brlek Strossmayerov trg 4, Zagreb Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb Tel: 459-4353 Faks: 481-9331 Tel: 661-2243 Faks: 665-8904 marija.crnic@mzos.hr brleks@state.gov
S poštovanjem,
Loredana Maravic nacelnica Odjela za europske integracije Head of Department for European Integrations Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa/ Ministry of Science, Education and Sports Trg hrvatskih velikana 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska/Croatia Tel. +385 1 459 44 55 Fax: +385 1 481 93 31 loredana.maravic@mzos.hr
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(E) Hong Kong, Croatia bolster cultural ties
Hong Kong, Croatia bolster cultural ties
www.chinaview.cn 2004-10-19 00:18:25
HONG KONG, Oct. 18 (Xinhuanet) -- Croatia's Minister of Culture Bozo Biskupic and Hong Kong Secretary for Home Affairs Patrick Ho signed a memorandum of understanding on cultural cooperation Monday. Both sides agreed to promote and strengthen cooperation in culture, arts and education, which they believe will further mutual awareness, respect, understanding, harmony and friendship between their people. To start, there will be exchange of exhibition catalogues on contemporary art between major museums and exchange of informationon major performers.
Other proposed exchange activities include music exchange programs in Hong Kong for visiting youth music groups from Croatia.Enditem
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-10/19/content_2107569.htm
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(E) Kerry-Edwards Economic Revival for Cro-Am Businesses
Kerry-Edwards Will Lead an Economic Revival for Croatian American Businesses By Shawn M. O’Donnell
As a true conservative businessman, whose wife is a Croatian American businesswoman, I’ve made it a point to discuss the upcoming presidential election with other small and mid-sized business owners and leaders, some of whom are Croatian Americans.
Overall, their current support for the probable Bush-Cheney Republican ticket flows from a mistaken belief that they actually benefit from this administration’s tax cuts.
Individually and collectively, they fail to see that the increases in their real cost of doing business, which includes spiraling cost in energy, health care, and unemployment insurance have been caused by the Bush-Cheney administration’s policies.
This administration continues to pursue economic policies that will result in increased interest rates, millions of jobs lost, and stagnant or lower wages for American labor.
Consider some clear indicators that prove that this administration and its ruinous economic policies have failed small and mid-sized businesses (which provide this country with most of its jobs):
--The Dow Jones Industrial Average on January 20, 2001, was 10,578, and the NASDAQ was at 2,578. Today the Dow Jones hovers at 9,900 and the NASDAQ around 1,900.
--The final 2003 deficit number for the U.S. government under Bush-Cheney was $374.25 billion (an all-time record).
--A projected budget surplus for 2003 (from 1999 figures) resulted in a $700 billion deficit as result of Bush-Cheney policies.
--Accounting for the current Social Security surplus, the Bush-Cheney deficit is running almost 5 percent of the GDP.
--Gasoline prices in the United States are at record levels, and price of oil is through the roof. An $18 per barrel to $20 per barrel (approx $1.75 per gallon) is now over $50 per barrel (eventually resulting in over $3.00 per gallon pricing).
--The U.S. trade deficit has widened to an all time high of $46 billion.
--We’ve hit the US legislative debt ceiling of $7.4 TRILLION and the Bush administration refuses to take any legislative action to allow more borrowing until after the election.
--More than 1.6 million net jobs have been lost.
--Unemployment in January, 2001 was 4.2 percent; now it’s 5.6 percent.
Every Croatian American business person should join us in voting to change administrations on November 2nd. We have an opportunity to elect the team of John Kerry and John Edwards to lead an economic revival for small and mid-sized businesses.
Note on Shawn O’Donnell: Shawn O’Donnell is a businessman and a real conservative Democrat. He was the CFO of a Virginia software company until 60 days ago when he left his position and his wife, Drucilla Badurina, took a hiatus from her business so that they could devote themselves to getting John Kerry and John Edwards elected.
Shawn’s business and management background and experience (including CEO and CFO positions) span more than three decades and include manufacturing companies, business development and consulting. His articles about business and economics have appeared in various publications nationally and internationally.
During the early 1990’s, Shawn served on the Archdiocese of Chicago’s Pastoral Council as Chair of the Stewardship Committee and advisor to the late Cardinal Joseph Bernardin.
Shawn is a real activist who has managed and worked Democratic campaigns in Illinois.
He is now busy with Volunteers for Kerry-Edwards Media Corps and talking with business people, especially small and mid-sized business owners, about the countless reasons why Bush is bad for business, the economy and labor.
Contact: Badurina@aol.com
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(E) Tax Policy for a Prosperous Croatia by Daniel J. Mitchell
International Leaders Summit, Zagreb, Croatia: Tax Policy for a Prosperous Croatia 
Tax Policy for a Prosperous Croatia By Daniel J. Mitchell Senior Fellow and Chief Tax Policy Expert at the Heritage Foundation
Croatia faces an immense challenge. It must devise a tax system that will help boost growth so the nation can overcome the crippling legacy of socialist mismanagement. This tax system also must be attractive to foreign investors, something that is particularly important because of globalization. Yet this tax system also must raise enough revenue to finance the needs – hopefully limited – of government.
While this is a daunting task, the flat tax is a good solution to help Croatia become prosperous and successful. Economic theorists and public finance experts like the flat tax because it is an ideal system. It has a low tax rate so that people have an incentive to work and little reason to hide their income from the government. It gets rid of various forms of double-taxation such as death taxes and dividend taxes so that there is not a bias against saving and investment. It also eliminates all forms of special preferences and penalties so that peoples’ decisions are based on economic merit rather than tax consideration.
And if policy makers are unwilling to implement a low-rate flat tax, they can achieve many of the benefits by taking steps in that direction. They can lower tax rates. They can eliminate extra layers of tax on saving and investment. They can simplify the tax system by removing loopholes.
But whether they want fundamental reform or incremental reform, Croatia’s leaders are going to face a number of major obstacles. Unfortunately, international bureaucracies will very likely be part of the problem. The European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), for instance, mostly represent the interests of high-tax nation like France and Germany. These countries already are very upset the some Eastern European nations are lowering tax rates and implementing flat taxes, and they are using the EU and OECD to threaten nations that engage in too much “tax competition.�
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) also tends to offer bad advice. It is notorious for its opposition to free-market tax policy. In case after case, IMF bureaucrats will enter a country and urge big tax increases. They assert that the tax increases are needed to balance the budget, but the IMF should be focusing on ways to control government spending. The bureaucrats apparently don’t understand that higher tax rates simultaneously discourage work, saving, and investment and encourage tax evasion and tax avoidance. The IMF may be even more dangerous than the OECD and EU since it uses its large budget to bribe nations to follow its advice.
Croatia’s leaders should reject the bad advice of international bureaucracies. There is not other choice. If tax rates remain too high, people will continue to hide income from the government. Even more important, international investors will choose other nations when deciding where to build factories and create jobs.
Indeed, this is why it is so important to reject EU and OECD arguments against tax competition. If Croatia does not lower tax rates and reform its tax system, it will have very little chance of successfully competing with other nations in the region that have made these changes. Why should an entrepreneur create jobs in Croatia when he can go to Slovakia or Serbia and enjoy a low-rate flat tax? Why should a company build a factory in Croatia, when it can benefit from Hungary’s 16 percent corporate tax rate? Simply stated, Croatia must compete or perish.
And if the IMF (or even the World Bank) argue that tax reform and tax rate reductions will deprive the government of too much revenue, Croatia’s leaders should point to what has happened in other nations. In Russia, for instance, income tax revenues have nearly doubled since President Putin shifted from a 30 percent “progressive� tax to a 13 percent flat tax. Other Eastern European nations have seen similar results because of faster growth and less evasion.
More than forty years ago, President John F. Kennedy of the United States proposed a big reduction in tax rates. His opponents made the same arguments that are being heard from the IMF and other bureaucracies in Croatia today. But President Kennedy persevered. He told critics that:
Our true choice is not between tax reduction, on the one hand, and the avoidance of large Federal deficits on the other. It is increasingly clear that no matter what party is in power, so long as our national security needs keep rising, an economy hampered by restrictive tax rates will never produce enough revenues to balance our budget just as it will never produce enough jobs or enough profits… In short, it is a paradoxical truth that tax rates are too high today and tax revenues are too low and the soundest way to raise the revenues in the long run is to cut the rates now.
Croatia should follow this sensible advice. America’s economy boomed following the Kennedy tax cuts in the 1960s, and it boomed again when Reagan cut tax rates in the 1980s. Croatia should do the same thing. Cut taxes and reform the tax system! Do not listen to the bureaucrats who represent the backward thinking of high-tax welfare states.
Dr. Daniel Mitchell is Senior Fellow and Chief Expert on Tax Policy and Economy at The Heritage Foundation. Served as Economist for US Senator Bob Packwood and the US Finance Committee. Dr. Mitchell is one of the Founding Advisory Board members of the International Leaders Summit and the Adriatic Institute for Public Policy, Croatia’s first independent free market think tank.
Dr. Mitchell will be speaking at the International Leaders Summit – Focus on Economic Growth in Zagreb, Croatia on November 5 and 6, 2004 at the Sheraton Zagreb Hotel.
For further information regarding the International Leaders Summit, please contact: Natasha Srdoc-Samy, MBA Co-Director, International Leaders Summit President, Adriatic Institute for Public Policy Phone: +385-98-351-080 Phone/Fax: +385-51-626-582 www.ils-wde.org Email: Natasha.Srdoc-Samy@zg.htnet.hr Email: wdempower@aol.com Joel Anand Samy Co-Director, International Leaders Summit President, World Development and Empowerment Phone: +385-91-516-9129 Email: JoelAnandSamy@aol.com
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(E) Why the Flat Tax for Croatia by Dr. Alvin Rabushka
International Leaders Summit: Why the Flat Tax isGood for Croatia 
Very important article on the Flat Tax written by Dr. Alvin Rabushka and custom designed for Croatia:
Why the Flat Tax is Good for Croatia
By Dr. Alvin Rabushka, Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California and Former Tax Policy Advisor to President Ronald Reagan
During the past ten years, six former Soviet-bloc countries in Central and Eastern Europe have replaced their personal income tax systems with a simple flat tax. The first was Estonia in 1994. It has since extended its reform to abolish the corporate tax on retained earnings and programmed further reductions in the personal tax rate. Next was Latvia. The largest and most important country to follow was Russia. Beginning January 1, 2001, it replaced a three-bracket system topping out at 30 percent with a flat 13 percent rate. Russia also reduced its corporate tax rate from 35 to 24 percent, and lowered the tax on small business. In 2003 Serbia introduced a 13 percent flat tax, Ukraine 13 percent and Slovakia 19 percent in 2004. The new government of Georgia has pledged to adopt a 12 percent flat tax later this year.
The results have been uniformly successful. After adjusting for inflation, real personal income tax revenue in Russia doubled between January 2001 and July 2004. Slovakia is now a magnet for international investment. Several political parties in Poland and the Czech Republic have embraced the flat tax. China is currently considering the flat tax to replace its nine-bracket personal income tax with its top rate of 45 percent. Why have these countries adopted or considering adoption of the flat tax?
So-called progressive income taxes impose graduated rates on progressively higher levels of income, which distorts investment, and discourages work and saving. In contrast, after allowing for a personal exemption, the flat tax levies a single rate on all taxable income. A low flat-rate tax is simple, fosters efficiency, and encourages compliance. Simplicity means that the taxpayers are able to understand the law and their obligations. Efficiency means that individuals invest on the basis of economic decisions, not tax preferences. Compliance means that the government can collect income tax in an accurate, responsible, fair manner, with a minimum of corruption.
Why is the flat tax good for Croatia? Under current tax law, four rates, 15 percent up to annual taxable income of HRK 36,000, 25 percent on the next HRK 45,000, 35 percent on the next HRK 171,000, and 45 percent on income exceeding HRK 252,000. Given these high rates, it is easy to see why individuals would prefer to earn their income in any of the six countries listed above. Croatia recognizes the need to be competitive with neighboring countries to attract foreign investment by setting the corporate tax rate at 20 percent. This creates undue complexity as individuals, when possible, will seek to incorporate to take advantage of lower rates. It also sends signal to foreign investors that Croatia continues to believe in the confiscatory regime of high tax rates on successful individuals, painting a discouraging picture of the country.
To maximize its economic growth, create jobs, raise incomes, and provide the government with sufficient revenue to finance the essential limited tasks of government, Croatia will have to compete for investment with other Central and Eastern Europe countries. Given the success of the flat tax in countries which have adopted it, and the prospect that others of Croatia’s neighbors are likely to follow suit in the next few years, Croatia risks being the odd man out, denying its citizens the opportunities for good paying jobs and a higher standard of living. The flat tax has been a positive force in Central and Eastern Europe, and thus deserves serious consideration by the people and government of Croatia.
Dr. Alvin Rabushka is on of the distinguished speakers at the International Leaders Summit scheduled for November 5 and 6 in Sheraton Zagreb Hotel, Zagreb, Croatia. Alvin Rabushka is the David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and co-author, with Robert E. Hall, of The Flat Tax, 2nd Edition, Stanford: Hoover Press, 1995. The Flat Tax can be downloaded and printed on line athttp://www-hoover.stanford.edu/PRESSWEBSITE/FlatTax/contents.html
Dr. Rabushka serves on the Founding Advisory Boards of the Adriatic Institute for Public Policy - Croatia's first independent free market think tank and the International Leaders Summit.
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(E) Aljosa Asanovic in CHICAGO -THIS WEEKEND
ALJOSA ASANOVIC IN CHICAGO -THIS WEEKEND!
Due to conflict with Croatian School this Saturday - the Youth Camp and Clinic with Aljosa Asanovic has been pushed back to approximately 1pm. Please try and have your children their as soon as possible immediately after Croatian school this Saturday. Also, due to demand we will have 2 groups of kids, those between the ages of 7-9 yrs old and 10-13 yrs old. The friendly match featuring Aljosa Asanovic as well as all your favorite Chicago All-stars featuring players from Jadran, Hrvat and HNK Zrinski will be held shortly after the Youth Camp and Clinic.
Please contact Phil Lisnich at 773-818-4479 orphillisnich@comcast.net
HNK Zrinski Chicago and the Croatian Cultural Center of Chicago welcome Aljosa Asanovic to Chicago this weekend! Please come out and support Chicago Croatian soccer while cheering on one of Croatia's finest players ever to put on the Hajduk Split jersey and one of the stars of the famous World Cup France 1998 3rd Place World Cup team for Croatia. Fans will have an opportunity to meet with Aljosa for autographs and purchase Aljosa's book written by author Andrija Kacic Karlin - "Vatreni Lakat" as well as the DVD based on the best selling book "Nase Vatrene Godine".
Aljosa and author Andrija Kacic Karlin will be in attendance at the following locations this weekend as well as many other locations around the Chicago Croatian Community.
Saturday, October 23rd - Hawthorne Park
1:00pm - 3:30pm - Croatian Youth Soccer Camp hosted by HNK Zrinski and Aljosa Asanovic, boys between the ages of 10-13 are welcome. Bring you children out to meet Aljosa in person and have him help improve your child's soccer skills. You do not need to be registered with the HNK Zrinski's youth team to participate in the clinic. All kids are invited and welcome - Parents, please have kids there as close to 1:00pm as possible..
3:30pm - 5:00p - come see Aljosa play with some of the finest Chicago land players from all 3 of our Croatian Clubs here in Chicago as well as some special guests from around the country....all your favorite players from HNK Zrinski, Hrvat and Jadran will be in attendance for this special match!
** Hawthorne Park is located on 31st Street and Central Ave. From I-55 (The Stevenson Expressway) Exit at Central Ave North, continue approx 1.5 miles on Central Ave to Hawthorne Park and look for the stadium located on the East Side of the street...ample parking is available.
Sunday, October 24th- Redmond Park - Bensenville, IL
5pm-7pm - Come out and see Aljosa Asanovic suit up and play with HNK Zrinski in their final regular season match in one of Chicago's toughest leagues the Metropolitan Soccer League. Come out and help cheer on HNK Zrinski against one of our toughest rivals as Zrinski will battle the Ukranian Lions at 5pm. The game is a road game for Zrinski and will be played in Bensenville, IL under the lights at Redmond Stadium.
** Redmond Park is located in Bensenville, IL off of York Rd. Take I-290 West to York Rd and exit York Rd North. Take York Rd North about 1 mile, you will pass Grand Ave and look for George St. Turn right or East on George. Go 4 blocks to John St and turn left and you will see Redmond Park up ahead...ample parking is available.
Monday, October 25th - Croatian Cultural Center of Chicago 7pm - Stop by and have a drink with Aljosa and Andrija - books and DVD's will be for sale as well as a showing of the DVD "Nase Vatrene Godine"
Please call or email Phillip Lisnich at 773-818-4479 or phillisnich@comcast.net with any questions.
CroNetwork: The Croatian-American Organization for Young Professionals.
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(E,F) Orchids in Croatia (Genus Ophrys)
Orchids in Croatia (Genus Ophrys) 
OPHRYS OF CROATIA OPHRYS DE CROATIE
Due to war action, it was for years impossible to travel in Croatia and other countries of the Balkan peninsula. Consequently orchids of these countries have been far less well studied than those of Italy or Greece for example. The last paper published about orchids of former Yugoslavia is Gölz,P. & Reinhard,H.R. 1986.- Orchideen in Jugoslawien. Mitt. Bl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württ.18 (4): 689-827. But things happened to change. It is now perfectly possible to have some orchids hollidays on the wonderful Dalmatian coast, and our knowledge of Dalmatian orchids is quickly improving. Just to make things more easy, I shall get all slides of Croatian Ophrys together on this special page, but you may find all those which already received a name in the group they belong to. A cause des guerres dans les Balkans, il n'a plus été possible, pendant de nombreuses années, de voyager dans ces régions. La connaissance des orchidées qui y vivent est restée très inférieure à ce qu'elle est pour des pays comme l'Italie et la Grèce par exemple. Le dernier article consacré aux orchidées de Yougoslavie est Gölz,P. & Reinhard,H.R. 1986.- Orchideen in Jugoslawien. Mitt. Bl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. Baden-Württ.18 (4): 689-827. Mais les choses ont changé. Il est maintenant tout à fait possible de visiter la merveilleuse côte dalmate dans les meilleures conditions qui soient, et notre connaissance des orchidées de Dalmatie progresse rapidement. Pour de simples raisons de facilité j'ai décidé de rassembler sur cette page spéciale toutes les diapositives d'Ophrys croates que je mettrai sur le site. Toutes les espéces qui ont un nom se retrouvent aussi dans leur groupes respectifs, tandis que celles qui ne sont pas encore nommées ne seront momentanément présentées qu'ici.
A3-8. O. leucadica Renz (pro hybr.) 1928 This species, with medium sized flowers is quite widespread in Greece and the Aegean bassin. It is not at all rare from the Ionian islands in the West to south-western Anatolia. Slides 3 to 8 show plants growing on the island of Hvar, off the Dalmatian coast of Croatia. Hvar appears to be the only place where grows a O. fusca s.l. in the South of Croatia. Although these plants show some differences from those growing on the Greek island of Lefkada, it is more wise, for the time being, not to split them. Among these differences, plants from Hvar hold their lips more horizontal than does O. leucadica. Their lips have the same mean length but are broader, the lip pilosity is more well-ordered and the groove on the lip is less important. Cette espèce, aux fleurs de taille moyenne, est assez abondante en Grèce et dans le bassin Égéen. Elle pousse des îles ioniennes à l'Anatolie occidentale. Les diapositives 3 à 8 montrent des plantes de l'île de Hvar, au large de la côte dalmate, en Croatie. Hvar semble être la seule place dans le Sud de la Croatie où pousse un O. fusca s.l. Bien que ces plantes montrent quelques différences par rapport aux O. leucadica de Leucade, en particulier le port des fleurs plus horizontal, le labelle de même longueur moyenne mais plus large, la pilosité plus ordonnée et le sillon bisecteur moins important, il semble, dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, qu'il vaille mieux les rattacher à O. leucadica que d'en faire une espèce indépendante. | O. leucadica 3 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | O. leucadica 4 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | O. leucadica 5 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | O. leucadica 6 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | O. leucadica 7 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | O. leucadica 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page A9-2. O. sicula Tineo 1846 This is the plant with small flowers which name was, for a very long time, O. lutea ssp. minor. Its labellum has a length comprised between 8 and 13 mm; it is usually not geniculated at its base, and often hold horizontal or even directed upward. The plant, originally described from Sicily, is quite common in the central and eastern mediterranean bassin. Slides 8 - 13 are from the island of Hvar, off the Dalmatian coast of Croatia. The species is said to be very common over there, but was not in 2003, only one small colony having been spotted. These plants are quite variable, some of them having a strongly geniculated lip (slide 9) and look more like O. corsica (A9-5). Il s'agit de la plante à petites fleurs, longtemps connue sous le nom d'O. lutea ssp. minor. La longueur du labelle est comprise entre 8 et 13 mm. Il n'est pas genouillé à la base et est souvent tenu horizontalement, voire dirigé vers le haut. Originellement décrite de Sicile, l'espéce n'est pas rare dans le centre et l'est du bassin méditerranéen. Les diapositives 8 à 13 ont été faites dans l'île de Hvar, au large de la côte dalmate, en Croatie. L'espèce y est, paraît-il fort commune, mais elle ne l'était pas en 2003, une seule petite colonie ayant été trouvée. Les plantes étaient fort variables, certaines ayant même un labelle fort genouillé (dia 9) et faisaient davantage penser à O. corsica (A9-5). | O. sicula 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | O. sicula 9 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | O. sicula 10 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | O. sicula 11 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | O. sicula 12 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | O. sicula 13 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 23-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B6-11. O. tetraloniae W.Teschner 1987 This very nice Ophrys, with very small flowers, is endemic to Istria, Slovenia and Croatia. Cette jolie espèce à très petites fleurs est endémique d'Istrie en Slovénie et en Croatie. Bibliography : Biel,B. 2001.- Zwei Exkursionen des AHO Unterfranken zur Halbinsel Istrien (Kroatien). Ber. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orch. 18(1): 133-161. Teschner,W. 1987.- Ophrys tetraloniae spec. nov. - eine spätblühende Verwandte der Hummel-Ragwurz in Istrien. Die Orchidee 38(5): 220-224. | O. tetraloniae 1 | Croatia, Dalmatia Istria | 07-06-2002 | O. tetraloniae 2 | Croatia, Dalmatia Istria | 07-06-2002 | O. tetraloniae 3 | Croatia, Dalmatia Istria | 07-06-2002 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B8-2. O. cornuta Steven in M.-Bieb. 1808 This is the Ophrys with small flowers and very long pointed hooks on the labellum. It's a common species in Greece and it was called O. oestrifera "with small flowers" by the German school of orchidology. As it had no name, Prof. Paulus (Vienna, Austria) has just given it the name of O. cornutula. Anyway, P. Delforge has shown that O. cornuta was the correct name for this taxon. Slides 5 to 9 show plants from the island of Hvar, off the Dalmatian coast in Croatia. These plants which are exactly the same as those growing in monte Gargano (Apulia, Italy), are perhaps somewhat different from Greek plants with very small flowers. The name usually used for them is O. oestrifera auct. but, due to the great confusion prevailing in this group, I prefer to follow P. Delforge, including them in O. cornuta. Il s'agit de l'espèce à petites fleurs, aux labelles munis de lobes latéraux longuement acuminés. Cette espèce, assez commune en Grèce, était appelée O. oestrifera "à petites fleurs" par l'école allemande d'orchidologie. Cette absence de nom vient d'amener le Prof. Paulus (Vienne, Autriche) à l'appeler O. cornutula, bien que P. Delforge ait montré que le nom correct de ce taxon est O. cornuta. Les diapositives 5 à 9 montrent des fleurs photographiées dans l'île de Hvar, au large de la côte dalmate, en Croatie, identiques à celles des plantes qui poussent au mont Gargano, dans les Pouilles, en Italie. Elles sont par contre peut-être un peu différentes des très petites fleurs des O. cornuta grecs. Mais à cause de la grande confusion qui règne dans ce groupe, je préfère suivre P. Delforge et les considérer comme des O. cornuta. Le nom qui leur est en général attribué est O. oestrifera auct. Bibliography: Delforge,P., 1995.- Les orchidées des îles de Paros et Antiparos (Cyclades, Grèce) - Observations, cartographie et description d'Ophrys parosica , une nouvelle espèce du sous-groupe d'Ophrys fusca. Natural. belges (Orchid.8)76: 144-221. | O. cornuta 5 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. cornuta 6 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. cornuta 7 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. cornuta 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. cornuta 9 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B13-**. O. species from Croatia n°2 This species belongs to the O. exaltata group (B13), and is a close relative of the Italian O. classica. It is of common occurence in Dalmatia, on the continent and the various islands. It is quite an early flowering species, fading already by mid-April. The flowers are quite variable. Sepals and petals are green and there is sometimes a yellow border on the lip which can show strong gibbosities. Cette espèce appartient au groupe d'O. exaltata (B13) et est voisine de O. classica, Ophrys italien. Elle est assez commune en Dalmatie, que ce soit sur le continent ou dans les îles. Elle y fleurit tôt, sa floraison s'achevant déjà à la mi-avril. Les fleurs sont assez variables, les sépales et les pétales sont verts, le labelle présente parfois un bord jaune ou (et) de fortes gibbosités. L'espéce n'a pas encore reçu de nom. | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 1 | Croatia, Dalmatia Blace | 18-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 2 | Croatia, Dalmatia Blace | 18-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 3 | Croatia, Dalmatia Blace | 18-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 4 | Croatia, Dalmatia Blace | 18-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 5 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 6 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 7 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°2, 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 20-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B13-°°. O. species from Croatia n°1 This species with very small flowers, beginning to flower around mid-April, is for sure a close relative of O. tommasinii, if not O. tommasinii itself. The problem arises from the fact that it appears that three different species, all with small flowers, flower in succession. And as nobody knows to which one actually belongs O. tommasinii, it's impossible to give that name to any of the three before checking the type specimen of O. tommasinii, which will shortly be done. So for the time being, our charming little plant will remain unnamed. Cette plante a très petites fleurs, fleurissant à partir de la mi-avril, est certainement voisine d'O. tommasinii, si elle n'est pas O. tommasinii lui-même. Le problème provient de l'existence de trois espèces différentes, à petites fleurs, dont les floraisons se succèdent. Et personne ne sait à laquelle des trois appartenait le type d'O. tommasinii. Il n'est dès lors pas possible d'utiliser pour le moment le nom d'O. tommasinii tant que l'on n'aura pas vérifié à laquelle des trois espèces appartient le type d'O. tommasinii, vérification qui est en cours. Notre ravissant petit Ophrys restera donc sans nom pour le moment. | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 1 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 2 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 3 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 4 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 5 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 6 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 7 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | Ophrys sp. from Croatia n°1, 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B16-8. O. incubacea Bianca 1842 This species is still very often called O. atrata which is a junior synonym. Slides 8 to 11 are made in Croatia, on the Dalmatian coast, close to Primosten, where O. incubacea is of common occurence. Cette espèce est encore souvent appelée O. atrata. Mais ce nom, donné illégitimement par Lindley, est un synonyme postérieur. Les diapositives 8 à 11 sont faites en Croatie, près de Primosten sur la côte dalmate, où O. incubacea est très commun. | O. incubacea 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | O. incubacea 9 With pink petals | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | O. incubacea 10 With pink sepals and petals | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 17-04-2003 | O. incubacea 11 With pink sepals and petals | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B18-1. O. bertolonii Moretti 1823 This Italian species, also present in the Balkans as far south as the Greek island of Corfu, is easily identified by its stigmatic cavity completely open on its sides. Cette espèce italienne, qui s'étend vers le sud jusqu'à Corfou, est caractérisée par sa cavité stigmatique dépourvue de parois latérales, ce qui permet une identification facile. | O. bertolonii 4 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. bertolonii 5 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. bertolonii 6 | Croatia, Dalmatia Island of Hvar | 22-04-2003 | O. bertolonii 7 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | O. bertolonii 8 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | O. bertolonii 9 | Croatia, Dalmatia Primosten | 24-04-2003 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page B18-10. O. flavicans Visiani 1842 This remarquable Ophrys is probably of hybridogene origin between O. bertolonii and another Ophrys close to O. tommasinii. It is sympatric with O. bertolonii, but flowers much more early, being completely faded when O. bertolonii opens its first flowers. It's a narrow endemic of the middle Croatian coast. Cet Ophrys remarquable est probablement d'origine hybridogène entre O. bertolonii et un Ophrys voisin d'O. tommasinii. Il cohabite avec O. bertolonii sur certains sites, mais fleurit bien plus tôt, étant totalement défleuri quand O. bertolonii ouvre ses premières fleurs. C'est un endémique étroit du centre de la côte dalmate. | O. flavicans 1 | Croatia, Dalmatia Trogir | 23-04-2003 | O. flavicans 2 | Croatia, Dalmatia Trogir | 23-04-2003 | O. flavicans 3 | Croatia, Dalmatia Trogir | 23-04-2003 | O. flavicans 4 | Croatia, Dalmatia Trogir | 23-04-2003 | O. flavicans 5 Slide Hans Erich Salkowski Vallendar am Rhein, Germany | Croatia, Rogoznica | 30-03-2001 | O. flavicans 6 Slide Hans Erich Salkowski Vallendar am Rhein, Germany | Croatia, Rogoznica | 30-03-2001 | O. flavicans 7 Slide Hans Erich Salkowski Vallendar am Rhein, Germany | Croatia, Rogoznica | 30-03-2001 | O. flavicans 8 Slide Hans Erich Salkowski Vallendar am Rhein, Germany | Croatia, Rogoznica | 30-03-2001 | selecting a link will display details such as photographs use the Go Back option of your browser to come back to this page http://www.ibelgique.ifrance.com/ophrys/index.htm
Ophrys The genus Ophrys is a group of about 142 species of terrestrial or ground orchids from central to south Europe, north Africa, Asia Minor, up to the Caucasus Mountains. They are referred to as the 'Bee orchids' because of their flowers supposed resemblance (some species) to the furry bodied Bumble Bee and other insects.
http://www.fact-index.com/o/op/ophrys.html
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