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» (E) Croatian President on a two-day official visit to France
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/20/2003 | Business | Unrated

 

Croatian President on a two-day official visit to France

 

CROATIAN PRESIDENT MEETS WITH FRENCH OFFICIALS, PARLIAMENT PRESIDENT
Croatian President Stjepan Mesic arrived in Paris on Wednesday on a two-day official visit and to attend the French-Croatian economic forum. The Croatian head of state also met with Christian Poncelet, the president of the French parliament's upper house. In a brief statement to reporters, Poncelet said talks focused on the development of cooperation between the two countries' parliaments and the advancing of trade and industrial relations. According to the French official, Croatia has great potential and French companies should be encouraged to participate in its development, so the country could enter the EU as soon as possible. The head of the Senate voiced satisfaction with the great efforts Croatia was investing into making relations with its neighbours as good as possible.

CROATIA, FRANCE SIGN THREE ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS
Croatia and France on Thursday signed three agreements - on the avoidance of double taxation, on cooperation between small and medium-sized companies, and on cooperation between the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (HBOR) and the French Export Insurance Agency (COFACE). The last barriers have been removed and investments are expected to grow. Croatian Deputy Prime Minister Slavko Linic said after signing the agreement on the avoidance of double taxation with France's Foreign Trade Minister Francois Loos at the French finance ministry. The signing of the three agreements marked the end of the official part of a two-day visit by Croatian President Stjepan Mesic and an economic and political delegation to France. The trip ends with a gala dinner organised by Croatia's National Tourist Board.

» (E) HRT with the new equipment
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/19/2003 | Business | Unrated

 

HRT with the new equipment

 

VISLINK SETS UP BROADCAST LINKS FOR CROATIAN STATE VISITS & BEYOND

(UK - 19th June 2003): Vislink, one of the industryís leading broadcast microwave radio and satellite transmission applications provider, has today announced that it is to supply Croatian Radio and Television (HRT) with a fully integrated outside broadcasting system to cover State visits planned for this year. The contract, worth Ä1.4M, will provide a vehicle equipped with the latest digital satellite transmission equipment, video editing and COFDM portable microwave links.

Today, Croatia is one of the fast growing economies in Central Europe, with a GDP per head of population amongst the highest in the region. State visits are an important means of demonstrating the country's growing economy not only to Europe but wider afield, so the forthcoming visit by the Pope, in June, will be key. The responsibility for television coverage falls to Croatian TV (HRT), the country's national broadcaster, based in Zagreb.

With the Pope just one of a number of high profile visits of international interest planned for 2003 it was essential that HRT add further modern transmission facilities to compliment their existing range of outside broadcast equipment.

"Vislink has unique experience in both microwave and satellite technology, which are both critical to the success of complex, outside broadcasts,"commented Steve Rogers, marketing director for Vislink. "HRT selected us not just on the basis of supplying the technology, but fulfilling the contract in a very swift turnaround time, in order to be ready for the Pope's June visit. HRT has to have top-grade broadcast systems to deliver outside broadcast reports both nationally and internationally."

HRT's requirements were for a high quality rugged portable microwave link, along with the latest satellite vehicle equipped with digital compression. Vislink's COFDM microwave links have proved very popular with broadcasters; the 1.4m motorised DSNG vehicle system, selected from the company's world-leading range of satellite products, will give HRT a highly integrated digital solution which will be used extensively on high profile broadcasts throughout the year.

Helping to Deliver Free-to-Air

Vislink has also announced today that it is to supply BBC Technology with a new Uplink Earth station, to allow the BBC's television and radio services to be transmitted free-to-air on Astra 2D when the BBC goes in the clear on digital satellite.

From fixed earth stations and vehicle based satellite systems to flyaways and electronic news gathering, Vislink maintains the highest quality contribution and distribution broadcasting networks in the world.

"This is an example of how our technological engineering skills, providing a quality engineering solution, can help our customers realise business benefits," commented Jonathan Flint, Managing Director of Vislink Communications.

About the companies:

About Vislink www.vislink.com Vislink is an operating group of companies that lead the world in satellite and microwave communications technologies. Its group companies include Advent, Continental Microwave (CML) and Microwave Radio Communications (MRC). Advent is recognised as the worldís leading designer, developer, manufacturer and supplier of high-performance satellite communications equipment, for broadcast, telecoms and defence applications. CML is acknowledged as a world-leading provider of complete, integrated solutions of satellite and microwave technologies, and MRC is established as the worldís leading designer, developer, manufacturer and supplier of high-performance microwave communications equipment, for broadcast, telecoms and defence applications. Group customers include the National and International broadcasters and telecoms companies worldwide.

Source: http://www.telephonyworld.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=1056066635

» (E) Croatia to face England at Ipswich
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/18/2003 | Sports | Unrated

 

England to face Croatia at Ipswich

 

The Football Association have confirmed that Ipswich's Portman Road ground will host the friendly against Croatia on August 20.

The venue becomes the 13th different stadium to host an England match since the national side have been on the road.

FA's marketing and communications director Paul Barber said: "We're delighted to be staging a senior international at Portman Road, which is a superb stadium and an ideal venue for this game.

"This will be the 13th different stadium used since we started taking our senior matches around the country.

"Since February 2001 the England team have played in the north east, the north west, the west and east midlands, the south coast, Yorkshire, London and now East Anglia."

Ipswich have staged four Under-21 games in the past and Barber added: "Past international matches at Ipswich have shown the passion of the local fans and the club fully deserves to host a full senior international.

"It will be the first international match of the new season and I'm sure we can look forward to a tremendous atmosphere in front of a capacity crowd in August."

Ipswich chairman David Sheepshanks said the award of the game showed the improvements that had been made to the Portman Road stadium, which has a capacity of 30,250.

He said: "It is a tremendous honour and I am really proud for this club that we have been selected to host a full international.

"It is a reflection on the huge improvements made in recent years to our pitch and stadium, as well as the professionalism of our staff who operate and service it.

"Most of all however, it is recognition for the sporting fans of East Anglia, whose fervent support of both this club and our various neighbours, has earned us the right to stage such a prestige occasion in our region."

Source: http://www.ananova.com/sport/story/sm_791597.html

» (E) Croatia gets its first multiplex
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/18/2003 | Culture And Arts | Unrated

 

Croatia gets its first multiplex

 

Blitz-Cinestar, a new joint venture between Croatian distributor, Blitz Film & Video Distribution and German exhibitor, Cinestar/Kieft & Kieft, is to open Croatia's first multiplex this autumn.

The multiplex, Cinestar Zagreb will have 13 state-of-the art screens over two floors with a total seating capacity of 2,954. All theatres will be equipped with wall-to-wall screens, Dolby Digital and DTS sound systems as well as stadium seating, and 'love seats', which allow for double occupancy.

As for the other countries of former Yugoslavia, there are currently only three multiplexes: two in Slovenia (12 screens in Ljubljana and seven in Celje) and one in Serbia (five screens in Belgrade).

The official opening of the multiplex will take place by the end of September. The founding partners believe it will bring new life to theatrical business in Croatia, which, due to outdated equipment in a vast majority of existing theatres, has been on extreme decline for the past ten years.

The number of cinemas in Croatia increased by just one in 2000 to 142 cinemas with 146 screens. Admissions for the year were 2.74 million for a population of 4.5 million.

» (E) Croatian Nazareth EWTN News Story
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | Religion | Unrated

 

POPE VISITS OUR LADY OF TRSAT THE "CROATIAN NAZARETH"

 

VATICAN CITY, JUN 8, 2003 (VIS) - At the end of Mass in Rijeka's Delta Square, which takes its name from the delta of the Rifecina River, Pope John Paul recited the Regina Coeli with the faithful who had gathered there for the Eucharistic celebration of Pentecost Sunday.

"At the conclusion of this solemn celebration," the Pope said, "I particularly wish to greet the young people of Croatia. Dear friends, you already know one thing: the Pope looks to you with confidence and hope, and he asks you once more to be sentinels of the dawn and people of the Beatitudes, as I called you at the recent World Youth Day."

"Through the family and professional life for which you are now preparing," the Holy Father went on, "you will take on great responsibilities for the good of society and the Church. I ask you to remember that human beings are of value for what they are more than what they do or what they possess; that superficial goals will never satisfy the thirst for happiness and fulfillment deep within your hearts; that the mission which Providence has assigned to each of you cannot be carried out by anyone else. Listen to Lord Jesus, follow him as the Teacher of life, make him your Companion along the way."

John Paul II followed this by greetings to the faithful in Italian, Slovenian, German, Albanian and Polish.

Following Mass and the recitation of the Regina Coeli, he returned to the archdiocesan seminary where he had lunch with Croatia's 24 bishops (15 ordinaries, 4 auxiliaries and 5 emeritus). At 5:30 in the afternoon he received Prime Minister Ivica Racan.

At 7 p.m. John Paul II visited the shrine of Our Lady of Trsat, Queen of the Adriatic, also known as the "Croatian Nazareth." Administered by the Order of Friars Minor, the shrine was erected in the 15th century on the site where, according to tradition, the Holy House of Nazareth arrived miraculously in 1291 and remained until 1294 when it was transported to Loreto, Italy.

Prince Nikola I of Krk had had a chapel erected on the spot on Trsat, 135 meters above sea level, where the Holy House had been for three years, and this soon became the focal point of pilgrimages. In 1367, as compensation to Croatian pilgrims for the shrine's transfer to Loreto, Pope Urban V donated to them the miraculous effigy of the Mother of God, also known as Mother of Mercy, protector of seamen. The shrine, rebuilt many times over the years, is reached via a flight of 561 steps. Two of the shrine's focal points are the chapel of votive gifts built in 1966 and, in the monastery cloister, a series of 32 paintings depicting the life of Mary.

During his visit the Pope, in off-the-cuff remarks, announced that he had donated a gold rosary to the shrine and said: "As a vow to Our Lady of Trsat, in the name of the communion lived during (the recitation of) the Rosary, pray for me during my life and after my death."

Source: http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=36556

» (E) Kucinich doubles speaking trips in '02, reports show
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | Politics | Unrated

 

Kucinich doubles speaking trips in '02, reports show

 

Sabrina Eaton
Plain Dealer Bureau

Washington - In the months before U.S. Rep. Dennis Kucinich of Cleveland declared his presidential candidacy, he ramped up the number of trips he took at the expense of out side groups, according to finan cial disclosure reports released yesterday by the House.

Kucinich, who officially joined the Democratic presiden tial race in February, went on 14 trips in 2002 compared with six in 2001. From Our Advertiser

Last year, Kucinich traveled to Sweden at the expense of Par liamentarians for Global Action. The Praxis Peace Institute paid for him to visit Croatia. Ameri cans for Democratic Action paid for Kucinich to visit Los An geles, and the United Steel workers of America and the Na tional Nutritional Foods Association paid for separate trips to Las Vegas.

Kucinich spokesman Doug Gordon said his boss traveled more last year because he was deluged with speaking requests after his popular February 2002 anti-war "Prayer for America" speech in Los Angeles. Gordon said that when Kucinich began to consider running for presi dent and his trips became more political, his campaign commit tee began to foot the travel bills. The last trip listed on Kucinich's report was in August.

Kucinich's report also shows he donated $3,000 he received in speaking fees to the Nizhoni School for Global Consciousness in New Mexico. Gordon said it is a charity that teaches nonvio lence and peace.

Kucinich last year repaid a personal debt of between $15,000 and $50,000 to Cleve land developer James Carney, but still owes a similar amount to another friend, actress Shir ley MacLaine, the disclosure statement shows. It indicates Kucinich's net worth is less than $32,000. His main assets are bank and retirement accounts.

Although some Ohio mem bers of Congress, such as Re publicans Paul Gillmor of Old Fort, Rob Portman of Cincin nati, David Hobson of Spring field, and John Boehner of West Chester all filed disclosure statements that show more than $1 million in assets, those who represent Northeast Ohio are considerably less wealthy.

Lawmakers are not required to disclose the value of their homes. Most members draw a House salary of $150,000, though a few in leadership posi tions make more. Navarre Re publican Rep. Ralph Regula has the most assets, with property worth more than $565,000. He has more than $250,000 in stocks and savings at United Bank, as well 200 acres in Stark County and a partnership in his family's farm equipment busi ness, both worth more than $100,000. He took trips to Mi ami, Phoenix, Jacksonville, Fla., and New York.

Toledo Democrat Marcy Kap tur was a distant second, with more than $219,000 in assets, including a rental property in Toledo, savings bonds and mu tual funds. The report shows she took three trips: to Russia, Cuba and the New York Stock Exchange.

Lorain Democrat Sherrod Brown indicated his assets, which include bank and retire ment accounts, mutual funds and a farm, are worth more than $72,000. He took eight free trips to places including Taipei, Shanghai, London, Mos cow and Mexico City.

Madison Republican Steve LaTourette's report showed he has more than $15,000 in a sav ings account, and his wife made $26,000 working for the city of Willoughby last year. LaTou rette did not report any trips.

Niles Democrat Timothy Ryan's report detailed that he made $57,400 last year as an Ohio state senator. The only as set he listed is a retirement ac count valued between $1,000 and $15,000. He owes the Sec ond National Bank of Ohio be tween $15,000 and $50,000, the report said.

Cleveland Democratic Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones ob tained an extension to file her report late. Her acting commu nications director, Nicole Wil liams, said it would be com pleted as soon as possible.

The House financial records showed that, in general, the lawmakers are more comfort able than the average American, according to the Associated Press. For instance, the top Democrat in the House, Rep. Nancy Pelosi of California, re ported owning vineyards and other properties worth between $8.8 million and $37.5 million, making her far wealthier than her Republican counterpart, Speaker Dennis Hastert of Illi nois, who listed assets of about $500,000.

The Senate released financial disclosure reports on Friday.

To reach this Plain Dealer reporter:

seaton@plaind.com, 216-999-4212

» (E) Fortune smiles on unluckiest Croatian man
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | News | Unrated

 

Fortune smiles on unluckiestCroatianman 

ALLAN HALL IN BERLIN 
AFTER being almost drowned in a train accident, nearly burnt alive in a car explosion and thrown out of an aircraft, it was about time Frane Selak’s luck changed. 

Yesterday, the man widely acknowledged to be Croatia’s, if not the world’s, unluckiest was celebrating a Ł600,000 win in the nation’s lottery. 

Mr Selak, 74, a former music teacher, first realised "demons" were after him in 1962, when the train he was travelling on from Sarajevo to Dubrovnik jumped the rails and plunged into an icy river. Seventeen people drowned and he barely made it to the bank, suffering from hypothermia. 

Accident number two came a year later, when he was thrown into mid-air from a plane just before it crashed, landing in a haystack. Three years later, a bus he was on lurched into a river, killing four people. Mr Selak managed to swim to safety. "By this time my friends had stopped visiting me," he said. 

In 1970, his car caught fire as he drove along a motorway, but he managed to get out before the fuel tank exploded. Three years later, he was driving another car when it caught fire. 

Eight years ago, he was knocked down by a bus in Zagreb but sustained only minor injuries. The following year, in his final brush with death, he managed to leap out of his car as it hurtled downhill following a near miss with a United Nations lorry. 

But on Monday, two days after his birthday, came news he had won the lottery. Now the four-times married pensioner is buying a house, a car and a speedboat, and is planning to marry his girlfriend. "I feel my life is just beginning," he said.

http://www.thescotsman.co.uk/international.cfm?id=670382003 

» (E) Letter to Chicago Tribune - Nationalistic remarks
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | Letters to the Editors | Unrated

 

Letter to Chicago Tribune - Nationalistic remarks

 

To: ctc-TribLetter@Tribune.com
Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2003
Subject: Pope's visit to Croatia

Dear Editor:

As Croatian Americans we are offended by your reporter Tracy Wilkinson'sremarks about what she calls "Croatian nationalism" by writing that "astrain of hard-line nationalism that fueled the 1991-1995 war endures".Ms. Wilkinson was in 1991 at the scenes of Serb aggression, such asVukovar and others in Croatia and saw first hand that it was not Croatiannationalism but Serbia's insistence on "Greater Serbia" that fueled thewar. Croatia did not even have arms to defend itself except for riflesagainst tanks, artillery and planes. All Croatia wanted was independencefrom Serb subjugation, and declared its independence in June 1991. It had the right to secede according to the Yugoslav constitution of 1974.The Serb minority in Croatia, incited by Serbia's Milosevic, rebelled andtook up arms against their Croat neighbors, which gave the Serb-ledYugoslav army the excuse to move into Croatia to "bring order". Croatiansfought for their independence and are no more "nationalistic" thanAmericans declaring their independence, waving their flags and yelling"USA, USA". So why are Croatians constantly called "Nationalists", in aderogative, mean spirited manner?

Sincerely,

Hilda M. Foley
National Federation of Croatian Americans
13272 Orange Knoll
Santa Ana, CA 92705
714 832-0289

» (H) Dioklecijan - drzavnicki genij najviseg reda
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | History | Unrated

 

Gaius Aurelius ValeriusDiocletianus (c 243-316)

 



A. Demandt U.K.

DIOKLECIJAN

Predavanje za Kongres o Dioklecijanu u Splitu/Hrvatska 2. travnja 2003.

Pedeset je godina Rimsko carstvo u svojim temeljima bivalo potresano vanjskim i unutarnjim silama. U ozujku 235. nezadovoljni su vojnici u logoru kod Mainza ubili posljednjeg cara iz dinastije Severa, mladoga Severa Aleksandra i njegovu svoje moci svjesnu majku Juliju Mameu. Time je otpocelo turbulentno razdoblje careva-vojnika u kojem se imperium sine fine zajedno sa Roma aeterna nalazio pred egzistencijalnim pitanjem. Dok su na Rajni napadali Franci i Alamani, na Dunavu su u provincije upadali Goti i Karpi, a od Eufrata u Carstvo su prodirali perzijski Sasanidi, kod kuce se sveudilj sedamdeset kandidata borilo za imperijalni grimiz. Mnogi su carevi podlegli neprijateljima na rimskom tlu. Dacija onkraj Dunava i Dekumati onkraj Rajne izgubljeni su; Galija i Britanija, Sirija i Egipat odcijepili su se od Rima. Za Stari svijet jedinstveni pad vrijednosti novca oslabio je gospodarstvo. Prvi znakovi uspjesne stabilizacije nakon Aurelija poslije 270. godine nisu se pokazivali jer je stalno gradjansko ratovanje odnosilo zivote jednoga cara za drugim.

Situacija se promijenila tek u studenome 284. godine. Na ljeto 283. na svom je pohodu protiv Perzijanca od udara munje umro car Kar. Vojska je njegovim nasljednikom proglasila mladjeg sina Numerijana, ali je taj na svom povratku postao zrtvom umorstva koje se stavilo na teret njegovu ocuhu, slavohlepnom prefektu pretorijanaca Aperu. Medjutim, vijece casnika nije novim vladarom proglasilo njega vec Dioklecijana. Prigodom proklamacije Dioklecijan je prisegao da je nevin u svezi s Numerijanovom smrcu, nakon cega je pred ocima vojske probo Apera. Sada vise nije imao nijednog takmaca kojeg bi se trebao bojati. Dvadeset je godina cvrstom rukom upravljao krhkim Carstvom.

Prve careve mjere odnosile su se na ucvrscivanje vlastitog autoriteta i ocuvanje jedinstvenog carstva. Izvori tvrde da je Dioklecijan uveo perzijski vladarski ceremonijal te se time uzdigao iznad smrtnika. Pritom se prije svega misli na pozdravni poljubac grimiznog carskog skuta, adoratio purpurae, grcki proskynesis. Navodno novo obracanje sa domine bilo je uobicajeno i ranije; ali vise nesluzbeno. Mommsen kasnoanticko carstvo oznacava kao dominat i vise ga udaljava od principata augusta nego li taj isti od republike. Dioklecijan je poput Cezara nosio lovorov vijenac, kojeg je Konstantin kasnije zamijenio dijademom od dvostruke niske bisera s medaljonom. Ceremonijalno uzdvisivanje cara nastavilo se u krscansko doba.

Oblikovanje dvorskog ceremonijala u skladu je s bombasticnim stilom vremena. Ono dolazi do izrazaja i u tituliranju Dioklecijana i su-careva. Ono u preambuli uz Edikt o cijenama sadrzi 143 rijeci. U tome sadrzano pravo porasle moci tice se, medjutim, samo ugleda carstva a ne povlastica osobe. To proizlazi iz novine s najdalekoseznijim posljedicama koju je uveo Dioklecijan: iz legalnog vise-vladarskog sustava. Postavljanjem Maksimijana za drugog augusta Dioklecijan se, bez da to bude na racun njegovog autoriteta, odrekao polovine svoje moci. Uvidio je da samo jedan car vise ne moze zadovoljiti sve vojne i administrativne zahtjeve, te je imenovanjem svoga kolege osujetio prijetecu uzurpaciju na zapadu. Spremnost i sposobnost dijeljenja zaduzenja ukazuju na njegovu dalekovidnost. Dioklecijan je isao i korak dalje time sto je svakom od dvojice augusta podcinio caesara, cime je taj istovremeno bio predvidjen za nasljednika. Tako stvorenom tetrarhijom divlje carevanje vise nije imalo nikakvih izgleda.

Spomena vrijedno je socijalno i regionalno porijeklo tetrarha. Ono se nalazi na kraju dugog razvoja koji vodi od Rima u provincije, od visokog plemstva do cjelokupnog gradjanstva. Carevi julijevsko-klaudijevske dinastije bili su starorimski patriciji. S Flavijevcima senatori iz Italije zaposjeli su tron, posvojeni carevi pripadali su senatorskom sloju iz Galije i spanjolske, Severi onome iz Afrike. S carevima-vojnicima do vladarske moci dosli su casnici viteskoga staleza iz Podunavlja, a odatle potjecu i tetrarsi. Novina kod njih je njihovo nisko podrijetlo. Dioklecijan je podrijetlom navodno bio oslobodjeni rob; on se sluzbovanjem probio do zapovjednika tjelesne straze. Galerije je navodno nekoc bio pastir. Nijednome od tetrarha ne znamo oca, pa ipak su usvojenjem i zenidbama bili u svojti. To se nastavlja u slijedecim genealosko povezanim carskim familijama i proteze se preko srednjeg vijeka sve do novog doba. Dioklecijan stoji na pocetku tog rodbinskog lanca, koji seze do Karla Velikog i europskih knezevskih kuca, cak do Elizabete II. od Engleske – kao bitan element kontinuiteta.

Time sto je Dioklecijan povecao nazocnost careva moglo se rijesiti vojnicke probleme carstva. Na istoku osigurao je frontu u Perziji i Egiptu, na zapadu Maksimijan je cuvao granicu na Rajni. Ustanicki su Bagaudi pobijedjeni, Britanija i Afrika ponovno osvojene. S uvodjenjem vise-carstva povezana je personalna i regionalna decentralizacija. Rim je odavno izgubio svoj status upravnog sredista, ali je ipak kao sjediste senata i drzavnih bogova na Kapitolu ostao pocasnim glavnim gradom za drzavnicke posjete i drzavne akte careva. Dioklecijan je za rezidenciju odabrao Nikomediju u Maloj Aziji, koju je Konstantin kasnije radije zamijenio obliznjim Bizantom. Dioklecijanov caesar Galerius imao je sjediste u Solunu ili Sirmiumu. Maksimijan je rezidirao u Milanu ili Akvileji, njegov caesar Konstancije u Trieru ili Yorku. To je ovisilo uvijek o blizini ugrozenih granica.

S postavljanjem novih rezidencija povezana je gradjevinska djelatnost. Kada crkveni otac Laktancije Dioklecijanu predbacuje cupiditas aedificandi, nedostatak koji dijeli s vecinom velikih careva, mi pritom mislimo na nove gradjevine Augusta ili Domicija, Hadrijana ili Trajana. Izvjesno je da je palace u Nikomediji i Splitu sagradio za se, ali velicanstvene Terme u Rimu bile su namijenjene narodu, Kurija senatu a pogranicne utvrde od Sjevernog do Crnog Mora zastiti provincija.

O brojnim Dioklecijanovim reformama neki autor kasnije kaze: «Mnoge je odredbe donio dalekovidno, te su one i dan danasnji na snazi» (Eutrop IX 23). Vecina sacuvanih odluka spada u podrucje privatnog prava, samo iz prvih deset godina puno vise od tisucu. Dioklecijan je bio posljednji car koji je na nacin principata iskazivao pravo privatnim osobama, sto je potom putem objavljivanja postalo opcevazece. Medju moliteljima nalaze se brojne zene, i maloljetni, te studenti. Potonjima je dopustio da svoj studij prava u Beritosu nastave do 25. godine zivota bez da se pritom moraju bojati da ce biti vraceni u rodni grad kako bi odradili svoju komunalnu obvezu. Razjasnjavala su se i nacelna pitanja. Tako je trazio da obveza dokazivanja lezi na tuzitelju, da je osuda bez poziva na sud nedopustena, da se zajednicka imovina na zelju jednog suvlasnika ima podijeliti, da su iznudjene nagodbe nistavne, da ljudi s tjelesnim manama imaju pravnu sposobnost, da roditelje bez sredstava imaju uzdrzavati njihova djeca, da se djeca rodjena na slobodi ne smiju prodavati u roblje, da je duznicko ropstvo protuzakonito, te da pravne odluke cak ni na carevo odobrenje ne smiju biti odgodjene. Pravosudje je iznad cara. Zapanjujuce kakvim se sve pitanjima car bavio. Neki je covjek zvani Bithus zelio poslovati drazima svoje zene. Medjutim, uzivalac – neki vlasnik bordela ili neki ljubavnik – nije platio dogovoreni iznos. Zato ga je suprug tuzio caru. A taj ga je poducio: takvo je ponasanje necudoredno, turpis causa contra bonos mores (Codex Iustinianus IV 7,5). covjeku je rekao neka ga bude sramota.

Broj carskih odredaba bio je nepregledan. Dva su ih jurista pod Dioklecijanom skupljala, Gregorius i Hermogenianus; s njima pocinje za povijest prava tako znacajna kodifikacija zakona. Teodozij II. Ju je nastavio, Justinijan zavrsio.

Drzavnog su se prava ticale reforme vezane za kovanice i porez, za centralnu i vlast u provincijama. Na dvoru su stvoreni posebni odjeli (scrinia) za pojedina podrucja. Provincije su smanjene, a njihov je broj porastao na oko stotinu, upravljanje njima time je intenzivirano. Vise provincija zajedno tvorilo je dvanaest dijeceza koje su bile podredjene vicariusu (praefecti praetorio) – nova razina instance izmedju namjesnika provincije i cara, odn. njegova zamjenika, prefekta pretorijanaca. Ukinuta je politicka spijunska policija frumentarii, sacuvana je samouprava gradova. Italija i Egipat izgubili su svoj odavno zastarjeli posebni status.

Civilna i vojna kompetencija bile su odvojene; u tijeku rastuce profesionalizacije to je bilo pozeljno, buduci da je uspon karijere u vojsci i u upravi bio odvojen po kvalifikacijama u pojedinim podrucjima. To je imalo za posljedicu da je sada casnicka karijera bila moguca i za Germane koji su time obilato koristili. Oko 300. godine je Batavac Ianuarius sluzio kao dux. Konstantin je nastavio s promicanjem Germana. Dioklecijan je zacetnik rasclanjivanja pokretnih jedinica iz pogranicne vojske, iz kojih je kasnije Konstantin stvorio regularnu vojsku. Dioklecijan je cijelo vrijeme zacetnik a Konstantin dovrsilac djela.

I opskrba vojnika je u svezi s Ediktom o cijenama iz 301. godine. Kamo god bi trupe stigle, s povecanom potraznjom rasle su i cijene. Kako bi to osujetio, car je odredio maksimalne moguce tarife, pritom odmah obuhvacajuci svu mogucu robu i usluge. Sacuvani popis sadrzava oko 1400 podataka, sto je iznimno poucno za gospodarsku situaciju toga doba. Tako saznajemo da je rob u dobi izmedju 16 i 40 godina (Edictum Diocletiani 29) kostao koliko i polovica jedne deve (ED. 30, 7), da je profesor po gojencu zaradjivao pet puta vise od ucitelja u osnovnoj skoli. Buduci da je prekrsiteljima prijetila smrtna kazna, i tu su mjeru pripisivali svemocnoj masti koja u stvarnosti nije mogla uspjeti.

Dobronamjerno tumacenje ovdje vise se bavi carevom brigom za dobrobit Carstva, a prepoznati ju se moze i u njegovoj zabrani krscanstva iz 303. godine. Dioklecijanova osobna poboznost je neupitna. O njoj govore kako poganski tako i krscanski autori, a dokazivao ju je i on sam. Na to ukazuje i izbor njegova nesluzbena imena Iovius, koji odrazava zastitnicki odnos prema vrhovnome bogu, a aludira i na rodno ime Diokles – «onaj kojega je Zeus ucinio slavnim», koje je kasnije latinizirano u Diocletianus. O njegovoj religioznosti jos bolje svjedoci Jupiterov hram nasuprot njegova mauzoleja u Splitu. To se osjeca vec zamalo krscanskim, od Konstantina naovamo carevi su svoje grobove stalno vezivali uz neko svetiste.

Dioklecijan je dvadeset godina podnosio krscanstvo, u glavni je grad pozvao Laktancija kao krscanskog govornika i primio ga u crkvu nedaleko svoje palace. Nije sasvim jasno zbog cega je donio zabranu. Godinu dana ranije zabranio je manihejce kao religiozne novotare, a to isto kasnije je predbacio i krscanima. Kada je Dioklecijan nakon drugog pozara u palaci cak i od svoje zene i kcerke zahtijevao carsku zrtvu, koja bi ih oslobodila sumnje od krscanstva, to ne mora ukazivati na to da su one krscanstvu bile sklone, vec je to demonstriralo Dioklecijanovo poimanje jednakosti sviju pred zakonom.

Konacno priznavanje krscanstva proveo je jos prije Konstantina Dioklecijanov poganski su-car i nasljednik Galerije 311. godine. On je, kao i Dioklecijan, bio uvjeren da je sluzba bozja neizbjezna za nebeski blagoslov a taj za blagostanje carstva. Svijest o metafizickoj odgovornosti cara bila je zajednicka Dioklecijanu, Konstantinu i Augustu koji je svoju vladarsku obvezu u pogledu religije izvrsavao programom gradnje hramova i drzavnickim ceremonijalom. Spomenik tetrarsima na Forum Romanum prikazuje careve pri drzavnickom zrtvovanju Suovetaurile, a da u Rimu to nikad nisu izveli zajedno. Dioklecijanovi zavjetni zapisi sacuvani su za Jupitera, Herkulesa, Viktoriju, Sola, Mitra i druge bogove.

Nakon dvadesetog jubileja svoje vladavine, koju je zapoceo s Maksimijanom u Rimu, Dioklecijan je 1. svibnja 305. u Nikomediji odlozio svoje grimizno ruho kako bi se povukao u svoju velebnu palacu Spalato kod Salone i tamo proveo starost. Istovremeno je po svojoj volji odstupio i Maksimijan u Milanu. Oba dotadasnja caesara uzdigla su se u cast augusta i izabrala nove caesare. Dioklecijanovu ostavku vec je Edward Gibbon 1776. usporedio s ostavkom Karla V. godine 1556. Oba su cara bila neuspjesna u provodjenju politike religije, sto se opet moze usporediti sa Sulinim odlaskom iz politike godine 79. pr. Kr. Odricanje od moci uvijek ostavlja jak dojam. Za razliku od Maksimijana, Dioklecijan je cvrsto ustrajao pri svojoj odluci kad su ga 308. njegovi bespomocni nasljednici na carskoj konferenciji u Karnuntumu molili da ponovno preuzme vlast. Njegov poznati odgovor glasio je: «Dodjite me jednom posjetiti u Saloni i divite se mom vrtu s kupusom kojeg sam obradjujem, pa cete me ubuduce postedjeti takvih neumjesnih zahtjeva!»

Kasnije su generacije podijeljeno sudile o Dioklecijanu – kao sto to biva kod vecine velikih vladara u povijesti. Obicno se Dioklecijana gleda kao kontrast Konstantinu. Na racun jednoga hvali se drugoga, slicno kao kod Cezara i Augusta. Jednostrana osuda cara u pogledu krscanstva prevladana je vec u 17. stoljecu. Henry Purcell je 1690. na londonsku pozornicu postavio svoju semi-operu «Dioclesian». Koristio je libreto koji u svom osnovnom obliku potjece iz godine 1622. Njegova suvremena kriticka tendencija s jedne se strane odnosila na vrijednost covjeka koji je svoj uspon od obicnog vojnika do cara stekao svojim zaslugama a ne svojim porijeklom, a s druge strane velica njegovo odricanje od moci koje, prema modernom baroknom ukusu, sasvim izvjesno nije bilo motivirano privrzenoscu povrcu vec se radilo o ljubavnoj prici.

Dioklecijanovo je djelovanje prozeto odredjenom tragicnoscu. Neuspjehe reforme cijena, proganjanja krscana i tetrarhije osjetio je za zivota; pogresno je bilo vjerovati da se nacelo dinastija moze odbaciti slobodnim usvajanjem «najboljih», kako je to jednom trazio Plinije u svome hvalospjevu Trajanu. Kasnije su mnoge od tih mjera smatrane uzrocima za raspad Imperija – carstvo bozanstva, birokratizacija, germanizacija vojske i premjestanje rezidencije. Sve je to zbog trenutacne nuzde moguce shvatiti i katkad je to bila samo kratkotrajna mjera, ponekad pak u promijenjenom obliku dugorocno konstruktivno, primjerice vise-vladarski sustav, samo sto je sve obicno ostajalo u obitelji. Vec Konstantin nije mogao vladati bez svojih sinova. Najvisa je carska snaga i dalje uvijek samo povremeno na nekoliko mjeseci ostajala u rukama samo jedne osobe.

7. ozujka 1808 pisao je Goethe Fritzu Jacobiju da se osjeca «kao Dioklecijan u Splitu». Time je Goethe oslikao vedru opustenost s kojom je promatrao muke svojih nasljednika. Nije mario za njih. «Od sada neka mi bude sasvim prijatno da zivim i umrem kao posljednji poganin». Time se Dioklecijan stavlja na kraj jedne epohe, ali istovremeno on stoji i na pocetku slijedece, na pocetku kasne antike. On je Imperiju poklonio svoju posljednju fazu, neprocjenjivi obol, jer je tada prikupljena grcko-rimska kulturne bastina i pretvorena u oblik u kakvom ju je kasnije preuzeo srednji vijek. To je dalo pecat Europi. Jacob Bruckkardt je 1853. Dioklecijana nazvao «najmarljivijim sluzbenikom svoga carstva» a Mommsen je 1886. za njega s razlogom rekao da je «drzavnicki genij najviseg reda».

» (E) Marko Spalatin - Review
By Nenad N. Bach | Published 06/17/2003 | Culture And Arts | Unrated

 

MarkoSpalatin

From the Happy City of the Renaissance and thephilosopher-adventurer Franjo Petrić (Franciscus Patricius La Cittŕfelice), to the America of the sixties of the twentieth century and theformation of Marko Spalatin, painter and printmaker, there is a huge span withinwhich the Croatian modern cultural universe came into being. As Croatiancontemporary history locked certain phenomena into ideologically determinedenclaves, neither Franjo Petrić, a man of the world of the times gone by,nor Marko Spalatin, our contemporary global citizen, could find an adequateplace, at least not within the coordinates of the Croatian contemporary history,although they, without any doubt, belong there. As Andrija Mutnjaković,Member of the Academy, once broke the silence by initiating the edition ArchitectonicaCroatica, so also the Cabinet of the Graphic Arts of the Croatian Academy ofArts and Sciences highlights, by presenting the works by Marko Spalatin, theopus of an American artist, of Croatian origin, enjoying exceptional renownamong his peers all around the globe. Out of the rich biography, andbibliography of Marko Spalatin, art critics would first of all select hisretrospective at the Butler Institute of American Art (Youngstown, Ohio) in theCatalogue of which a distinguished art critic, John Yau, wrote:  

 “If we thinkof Josef Albers as one of the first modern artists to devote himself to thestudy of color, then Spalatin must be regarded as one of Albers’ fewlegitimate heirs. The two other artists I would include in this mix are HansHoffman and Piet Mondrian. All three were Europeans who came to Americarelatively late in their lives; and, perhaps more to the point, all threedevoted much of their attention to the investigation of color relationshipswithin a matrix of geometry.”

Marko Spalatin arrived in America at an early age. Heacquired his training in the U.S., and in that sense he was free from“Europeanisms,” i.e., of the bondage to constructivism. It is exactly in hiscase that we can examine that imaginary encounter of the two worlds asconstructivism, in the precise poetics of Albers, and rhythmical variations ofMondrian returned from America to Europe as an echo of liberated modernism.Liberated, first of all, of ideological identifiers, of the avant-garde.Modernism purified in America signifies that move toward Euro-American values ofa global culture, which, ultimately, declares itself as the culture of the West.But all those shifts from an ideological toward pure art are, in any period oftime, and within any group, revealed in the power of an individual, in thepersonal positioning of an artist. Thus Marko Spalatin has built, on the sourcespertaining to the world of geometry, specific crystalline variations which,although they belong to the very peak of contemporary art, have no analogies. Inparticular, they have no ties to the “New Geometry,” which as an echo of atrend arrived from the U.S. in the eighties and nineties of the past century.Born in Zagreb, in a family originating from the island of Rab, Spalatin hasavoided also the European trend setting visions, the same way these had beenavoided by his famous predecessor, Josef Albers, with a note that Spalatin iseven less European. Spalatin’s opus belongs first and foremost to America: hewas in school at the peak of Pop-Art, he was formed in the shadow of Op-Art andMinimalism, which we mention here in an almost rhetorical sense. Yet, ananalysis of his studious approach to color does take us toward Op andMinimalism, to comparisons with Albers, and Albers’ so many times repeated“Homage to the Square;” but comparisons to associative and geometricallyconceived color variation by Dean Fleming hold, too. Closing his painting series(acrylics), or his graphic (serigraph) series into cycles and maps, Spalatin hascreated an original, unusual opus based on an exceptionally exact study ofcolors pulsating against an almost classical, geometrically conceivedbackground. Every Spalatin frame is characterized by a certain creativedetachment leading toward “imperfections” of mannerist witticisms: Parnassos,1979: Trygon, 1980; Uxmal, 1980; Hydroid, 1981; Nautica, 1982; Hexagon,1984; Quantum, 1989; Matrix,1991; Pulsar,1993,; Prizma, 1996;Akumal, 2001; these are the titles of serigraph cycles which attract attentionby simple and yet complex effects, let me repeat, concentrated in a studiousdeclension of color, in classicist perfection of geometry and in a creative“imperfection of studied, mannerist, detachment from the rules of theexercise.

By origin from theisland of Rab – as already stated – Spalatin seems to evoke with each newcycle a certain genetic memory of the Mediterranean, of light, the same thatmoved Markantun de Dominis toward precise games with light and toward thediscovery of the prism. Each Spalatin frame speaks, on the level of style, ofvisualizing motifs from the repertory of exact fantasticism along with thememory of light. Still, this is always a memory written into the history ofmodern art, of geometric abstraction, and Op. Spalatin’s serigraphs, theirglimmering color and tonal playfulness, the unusual perfection which defineseach centimeter of canvass or paper, place this artist at the very top of modernart, especially of graphic arts. Exhibiting his most recent graphic series, Akumal(eight serigraphs), shown with great success in New York and Paris in2001, with selections from a number of earlier series, will contribute to abetter understanding of recent American art, and also affirm a Croatian Globalculture, by which we mean a “widened” area of Croatian culture, beyond thehome borders.

Should we analyzethe mythical spots of Croatian contemporary art such as Croatian constructivism,EXAT 51, or the New Tendencies, by now deeply ingrained into the history ofEurope, we will fail to find Marko Spalatin there. He is a hero from anothermovie, although due to a systematically geometric approach to serigraphy he maykeep reminding one, on some associative level, of the esthetics of the NewTendencies. Marko’s artistic experience has nothing to do with those tasks. Heharbors no constructivist ethics found in Pietro Dorazio, Getulio Alviani, FrançoisMortellet, Ivan Picelj, Vjenceslav Richter, Miroslav Šutej. We have mentionedthe New Tendencies because of the “Zagreb School of Serigraphy,” which madeCroatian modern art famous, but Spalatin as a supreme master of serigraphybelongs to another myth, that of the contemporary American art.

Thus theexpression of Marko Spalatin keeps returning us to the visions of Josef Albers,which had indeed sprang from European constructivism, but which wereAmericanized in the sixties in the way we encounter also in Spalatin’soeuvre. 

The persistence ofgeometry, a certain vitality of mannerism encoded into geometry and visualcombinations, all that was creatively reworked and redefined by Spalatin as he progressedfrom phase to phase of his artistic journey developing a sophisticatedhandwriting of unrepeatable authorship. His geometric artifacts, in theirunbelievable perfection, may recall the so-called “cold optics,” and thusappear repeatable and freed of personality, but this is just a first impression.Each Spalatin canvass, each serigraph, bears a stamp of uniqueness. Yes, evenserigraphs, in spite of a technology meant for repetition. This is a sign of anexceptional, impressive authorship which knows how to find truly originalsolutions within the sphere of simplified geometric forms. Spalatin’scompositions are unusual also in terms of motifs such as we may glean from the Akumal series, unusual in reductionism, in sophistication of the optics, andin color which literally animates this painter’s “prism.” Indeed withinthe large field of art history from mannerist geometric games to surrealism,from constructivism to minimalism, from minimalism to the Neo-Geo, we never findtwo approaches to geometry as a synthesis of form which might strike us asexactly alike  Even when an author,or critic, quotes Mondrian’s inventions, this is not discipleship but anauthor’s reinterpretation of a Mondrian model. Still, Spalatin’s fascinationwith geometry attracts attention by its emphasized originality: it surpasses anyquotation imaginable overcoming trendy changes as it springs forth from a truededication to Art, to the universal values of creativity.

This was proven bySpalatin’s retrospective at the Butler Institute of American Art, his sixtiethexhibition which reconfirmed the scope and significance of his opus; which leftthe imprints of its productivity in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, theTate Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Musée de l’ArtModerne and the Bibliothčque Nationale in Paris, in the Library of Congress inWashington, and in many more distinguished museum and corporate collections. Theplace of the first comprehensive public display of Spalatin’s art in Croatiais an institution of the highest professional rank in the area of graphic arts– the Cabinet of Graphic Arts of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences,within the  Croatian Triennale ofGraphic Arts in Zagreb in 2003.

Lilijana Domić  

 

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Croatian Constellation



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